{"id":555478,"date":"2022-10-16T13:41:05","date_gmt":"2022-10-16T11:41:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/?p=555478"},"modified":"2022-10-16T13:44:01","modified_gmt":"2022-10-16T11:44:01","slug":"shtresa-e-mesme-ne-gjermani-frike-nga-renia-sociale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/2022\/10\/16\/shtresa-e-mesme-ne-gjermani-frike-nga-renia-sociale\/","title":{"rendered":"Shtresa e mesme n\u00eb Gjermani, frik\u00eb nga r\u00ebnia sociale","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>\u00c7mimet n\u00eb Gjermani po rriten – ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht \u00e7mimet e energjis\u00eb. Inflacioni i ha pagat. Kriza mund t\u00eb trondit\u00eb themelet e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb: shtres\u00ebn e mesme.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ata jan\u00eb\u00a0shum\u00eb dhe deri tani kan\u00eb jetuar mir\u00eb: m\u00ebsues, n\u00ebpun\u00ebs, zejtar\u00eb. Grupi i njer\u00ebzve me\u00a0t\u00eb ardhura t\u00eb mesme, shtresa e mesme, shtylla e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb gjermane q\u00eb ka mb\u00ebshtetur vendin p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite. Se kush sakt\u00ebsisht \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e saj, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb ka p\u00ebrkufizime t\u00eb ndryshme, q\u00eb bazohen tek t\u00eb ardhurat q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion. Sipas p\u00ebrllogaritjeve t\u00eb Institutit Gjerman t\u00eb Ekonomis\u00eb (IW), institut ky m\u00eb pran\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsve, n\u00eb vitin 2019\u00a0t\u00eb ardhurat e tyre ishin rreth 1700 deri n\u00eb 3100 euro n\u00eb muaj p\u00ebr nj\u00eb person beqar dhe 3540 deri n\u00eb 6640 euro p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7ift me dy f\u00ebmij\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shtresa e mesme gjeneron nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave tatimore, t\u00eb cilat nevojiten p\u00ebr t\u00eb garantuar shtetin e mir\u00ebq\u00ebnies\u00a0dhe shtetin social, zakonisht kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb besim te demokracia dhe garantojn\u00eb nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar stabiliteti.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb e d\u00ebshirueshme q\u00eb shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz t\u00eb jen\u00eb pjes\u00eb e shtres\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme. Madje, \u00ebsht\u00eb aq e d\u00ebshirueshme q\u00eb edhe disa njer\u00ebz q\u00eb n\u00eb fakt nuk i p\u00ebrkasin k\u00ebsaj shtrese n\u00eb aspektin socio-ekonomik t\u00eb llogariten mes tyre. Sipas nj\u00eb studimi nga Fondacioni Bertelsmann dhe Organizata p\u00ebr Bashk\u00ebpunim dhe Zhvillim Ekonomik (OECD), 73 p\u00ebr qind e qytetar\u00ebve n\u00eb Gjermani e p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb veten si pjes\u00eb e shtres\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme.<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00eb Gjermani ka ende nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb t\u00eb mesme relativisht t\u00eb lart\u00eb, s\u00eb cil\u00ebs i p\u00ebrket nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e konsiderueshme e popullsis\u00eb ose t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn mund t’i p\u00ebrkas\u00eb n\u00ebse b\u00ebn p\u00ebrpjekje dhe punon shum\u00eb”, thot\u00eb p\u00ebr DW Patrick Sachweh nga Qendra K\u00ebrkimore p\u00ebr Pabarazin\u00eb dhe Politikat Sociale n\u00eb Universitetin e Bremenit. \u201eShtresa e mesme ka qen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb drejt s\u00eb cil\u00ebs jan\u00eb orientuar \u00a0aspiratat statusore t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb ende nuk i p\u00ebrkisnin shtres\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme. Dhe ajo ka qen\u00eb si nj\u00eb lloj qendre integruese e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb, ku donin t\u00eb b\u00ebnin pjes\u00eb shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Shtresa e mesme ka funksionuar\u00a0 p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite si nj\u00eb premtim p\u00ebr ngjitje m\u00eb lart. Dhe deri m\u00eb sot, kur sipas OECD-s\u00eb, numri i njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin shtres\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme n\u00eb Gjermani \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi mesataren e OECD-s\u00eb. Shum\u00eb m\u00eb lart\u00eb se Gjermania jan\u00eb disa vende t\u00eb tjera, si Danimarka dhe Sllovenia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tani duket\u00a0se po u vjen fundi koh\u00ebve roz\u00eb. Mbi t\u00eb gjitha, “po b\u00ebhet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb nj\u00eb vend n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn e mesme”, thot\u00eb studimi i p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt i OECD dhe Fondacionit Bertelsmann. Sipas k\u00ebtij studimi, gjasshm\u00ebria q\u00eb edhe ata t\u00eb llogariten te shtresa e mesme \u00ebsht\u00eb mesatarisht dhjet\u00eb pik\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje m\u00eb i ul\u00ebt se sa ishte n\u00eb mesin e viteve 1990.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shtresa e mesme si grup heterogjen<\/span><\/p>\n

Por shtresa e mesme po tkurret n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. Pjesa e grupit t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin k\u00ebsaj shtrese n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurat totale t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb n\u00eb Gjermani ka r\u00ebn\u00eb nga 74 n\u00eb 67 p\u00ebr qind n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn 1995-2018, megjith\u00ebse r\u00ebnia ka ndodhur kryesisht deri n\u00eb vitin 2005. Dhe n\u00ebse shikoni m\u00eb nga af\u00ebr, shtresa e mesme n\u00eb tkurrje nuk p\u00ebrb\u00ebn gjith\u00eb grupin e mes\u00ebm. Sepse shtresa e mesme nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak homogjene. Ka disa mij\u00ebra euro t\u00eb ardhura n\u00eb muaj dallim midis skajit t\u00eb posht\u00ebm dhe atij t\u00eb sip\u00ebrm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dhe zbritja ose ngjitja n\u00eb grupet sociale fqinje \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur. “Ne kemi ende nj\u00eb klas\u00eb t\u00eb mesme t\u00eb gjer\u00eb dhe t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme,” thot\u00eb Dorothee Spannagel, shefja e departamentit p\u00ebr politikat e shp\u00ebrndarjes n\u00eb Institutin e Shkencave Ekonomike dhe Sociale (WSI) t\u00eb Fondacionit Hans B\u00f6ckler, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb af\u00ebr sindikatave, p\u00ebr revist\u00ebn “Der Spiegel”, “por kjo shtres\u00eb po g\u00ebrryhet nga posht\u00eb. Ndjenja q\u00eb mbizot\u00ebronte dikur, se me formimin e duhur profesional njeriu do t\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb jetes\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt dhe ndoshta nj\u00eb dit\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballonte nj\u00eb sht\u00ebpi t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, gradualisht ka r\u00ebn\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pasoja e k\u00ebsaj: Frika hyn n\u00eb vend t\u00eb premtimit p\u00ebr ngjitje m\u00eb lart. Kjo reflektohet shum\u00eb qart\u00eb n\u00eb\u00a0kriz\u00ebn aktuale. Studiuesi i varf\u00ebris\u00eb Christoph Butterwegge tha n\u00eb MDR-Aktuell se varf\u00ebria ka pushuar prej koh\u00ebsh t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb fenomen i skajsh\u00ebm. Ajo shtrihet n\u00eb familjet normale. Shifrat e para e v\u00ebrtetojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb: asnj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e saj kompania e k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb konsumatorit GfK nuk ka matur nj\u00eb shif\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb varf\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhurat q\u00eb gjerman\u00ebt presin p\u00ebr veten e tyre n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, raporton “Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Frika dhe shqet\u00ebsimi jan\u00eb kudo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Shoqata humanitare bamir\u00ebse, si Diakonia e K\u00eblnit apo Parit\u00e4tischer Wohlfahrtsverband Nordrhein-Westfalen, thon\u00eb se njer\u00ebzit kan\u00eb \u00a0frik\u00eb se nuk do t\u2019i b\u00ebjn\u00eb dot ball\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb \u00e7mimeve dhe kostove t\u00eb energjis\u00eb, \u201cNa telefonojn\u00eb koleg\u00eb nga sip\u00ebrmarrjet energjetike publike dhe duan t\u00eb trajnohen se si t\u00eb reagojn\u00eb n\u00eb situata krizash sociale. Ata marrin telefonata nga \u00a0njer\u00ebz t\u00eb d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar dhe t\u00eb frik\u00ebsuar, rr\u00ebfen specialisti Martin Debener.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngjash\u00ebm shprehet edhe Maike Cohrs q\u00eb merret me k\u00ebshillimin e debitor\u00ebve. “Ne kemi v\u00ebn\u00eb re se ka shum\u00eb q\u00eb,le t\u00eb themi, i p\u00ebrkasin shtres\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, q\u00eb shkojn\u00eb n\u00eb pun\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb fakt, q\u00eb fitojn\u00eb t\u00eb ardhura t\u00eb mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrballuar jetes\u00ebn, por q\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb kostos s\u00eb jetes\u00ebs dhe sidomos t\u00eb energjis\u00eb, po vihen gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb hall.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shtresa e mesme e ul\u00ebt, pra, njer\u00ebzit n\u00eb skajin m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs me \u00eb ardhurave t\u00eb mesme, sipas OECD-s\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 2018 kapte 18 milion\u00eb njer\u00ebz n\u00eb Gjermani. Edhe sociologu\u00a0Sachweh e sheh k\u00ebt\u00eb si nj\u00eb grup q\u00eb mund t\u00eb preket r\u00ebnd\u00eb nga inflacioni dhe kriza energjetike. “Pasuria mesatare e shtres\u00ebs s\u00eb ul\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb 40,000 euro, por shum\u00eb prej tyre ka t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb shum\u00eb \u00a0m\u00eb pak. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb aspekt, nuk ka shum\u00eb rezerva n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat dikush mund t\u00eb rikthehet p\u00ebr t\u00eb absorbuar k\u00ebt\u00eb rritje \u00e7mimi.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Edhe nj\u00eb studim i Institutit t\u00eb Ekonomis\u00eb Gjermane ka treguar se varf\u00ebria energjetike prek r\u00ebnd\u00eb shtres\u00ebn e mesme t\u00eb ul\u00ebt. Sapo nj\u00eb familje shpenzon m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dhjet\u00eb p\u00ebr qind t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave t\u00eb saj neto p\u00ebr energji, ajo konsiderohet “e varf\u00ebr p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb energjis\u00eb”. Midis viteve 2021 dhe majit 2022, p\u00ebrqindja e familjeve me energji t\u00eb ul\u00ebt n\u00eb klas\u00ebn e mesme t\u00eb ul\u00ebt u dyfishua n\u00eb pothuajse 41 p\u00ebrqind. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb: Shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi serioze kur u duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrballojn\u00eb \u00e7mimet e papritura t\u00eb energjis\u00eb q\u00eb shp\u00ebrthejn\u00eb pa asnj\u00eb rezerv\u00eb. Sipas Sachweh, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb detyr\u00eb e politik\u00ebs q\u00eb t\u00eb mos i harroj\u00eb k\u00ebta njer\u00ebz dhe t’u ofroj\u00eb atyre mb\u00ebshtetje adekuate.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vet\u00eb-perceptimi ndryshon<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Edhe pse shtresa e mesme dhe e shtresa lart\u00eb e mesme mund t\u00eb ndikohen m\u00eb pak nga kriza energjetike dhe inflacioni n\u00eb muajt e ardhsh\u00ebm, Sachweh sheh nj\u00eb ndryshim nga krizat e m\u00ebparshme. Sepse vet\u00eb-perceptimi i k\u00ebsaj shtylle vet\u00ebbesimi dhe pasurie t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb. Deri m\u00eb tani, nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e shtres\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme ka kultivuar nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb jetese q\u00eb Sachweh e p\u00ebrshkruan si “pun\u00eb me status investues”. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se ekzistonte ideja p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje p\u00ebr t\u00eb investuar t\u00eb ardhurat e krijuara me fitim, p\u00ebr shembull n\u00eb nj\u00eb sht\u00ebpi. Por rritja e norm\u00ebs s\u00eb interesit dhe rritja e \u00e7mimeve po b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb opsion p\u00ebr gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb pak njer\u00ebz n\u00eb klas\u00ebn e mesme.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ta zbutur k\u00ebt\u00eb, klasa e mesme mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb investoj\u00eb n\u00eb “kapitalin njer\u00ebzor” n\u00eb vend t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave materiale, thot\u00eb Sachweh. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera: n\u00eb arsim. P\u00ebr shembull, te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt. Me shpres\u00ebn se m\u00eb pas f\u00ebmij\u00ebt do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb ka qen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb joshja e \u00ebmb\u00ebl e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme: prosperitet, avancim dhe nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb qendruesh\u00ebm n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri.<\/span><\/p>\n

VINI RE<\/span>: Artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb pron\u00eb intelektuale e DW<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7mimet n\u00eb Gjermani po rriten – ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht \u00e7mimet e energjis\u00eb. Inflacioni i ha pagat. Kriza mund t\u00eb trondit\u00eb themelet e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb: shtres\u00ebn e mesme. Ata jan\u00eb\u00a0shum\u00eb dhe deri tani kan\u00eb jetuar mir\u00eb: m\u00ebsues, n\u00ebpun\u00ebs, zejtar\u00eb. Grupi i njer\u00ebzve me\u00a0t\u00eb ardhura t\u00eb mesme, shtresa e mesme, shtylla e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb gjermane q\u00eb ka mb\u00ebshtetur vendin p\u00ebr shum\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":32,"featured_media":555479,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-555478","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nderkombetare","category-te-fundit"],"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/555478","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=555478"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/555478\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/555479"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=555478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=555478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=555478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}