{"id":289956,"date":"2019-04-14T19:16:17","date_gmt":"2019-04-14T17:16:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hashtag.al\/?p=289956"},"modified":"2019-04-14T19:17:58","modified_gmt":"2019-04-14T17:17:58","slug":"posse-comitatus-shqiperia-dhe-instalimi-i-diktatures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/2019\/04\/14\/posse-comitatus-shqiperia-dhe-instalimi-i-diktatures\/","title":{"rendered":"Posse Comitatus, Shqip\u00ebria dhe instalimi i diktatur\u00ebs","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Nga Gjorg Kodra<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nj\u00ebra nd\u00ebr shakat\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura gjat\u00eb r\u00ebnies s\u00eb perandoris\u00eb habsburge ishte se \u201cn\u00eb Gjermani situata \u00ebsht\u00eb serioze, por jo e d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar; n\u00eb Austri, situata \u00ebsht\u00eb e d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar, por jo serioze\u201d \u2013 por shpejt historia e shnd\u00ebrroi situat\u00ebn n\u00eb tejet serioze edhe aty ku fillimisht, p\u00ebrtej \u00e7do ndjenje d\u00ebshp\u00ebrimi, ajo nuk njihej si e till\u00eb[1].<\/span><\/p>\n

Dislokimi i forcave ushtarake n\u00eb aeroportin e nj\u00eb vendi si i yni, ku vlera e ushtris\u00eb nuk merret seriozisht, ku nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e xhenjos p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb pastruar plazhet dhe rrug\u00ebt, dhe kur ministrat e mbrojtjes funksionojn\u00eb kryesisht si z\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebs t\u00eb operacioneve t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve me publikun, shkaktoi shaka t\u00eb ngjashme, q\u00eb rievokonin situata t\u00eb d\u00ebshp\u00ebruara, por joserioze.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nxjerrja n\u00eb aeroport e ushtris\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht forc\u00ebs ushtarake t\u00eb vendit q\u00eb e p\u00ebrdor, \u00ebsht\u00eb kudo tregues i nj\u00eb gjendjeje t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme \u2013 n\u00eb fjal\u00ebt e Carl Shmitt, ai q\u00eb kontrollon gjendjen e jasht\u00ebzakonshme, kontrollon pushtetin. <\/span><\/p>\n

Gjith\u00ebsesi, n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb, sa p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gjendje PR-i n\u00eb kriz\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb qeverie q\u00eb qeveris n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve me publikun, aq edhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kriz\u00eb reale t\u00eb rendit n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri \u2013 rendit publik, po aq sa dhe atij kushtetues. Por n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb detyruar me forc\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb qesharak, jo shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz e mor\u00ebn seriozisht k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb latinisht, togfjal\u00ebshi \u201cPosse Comitatus\u201d vjen nga fjal\u00ebt \u201cposse, potesse\u201d- t\u00eb mund\u00ebsh\/t\u00eb b\u00ebsh, latinishte mesjetare- forc\u00eb\/fuqi, \u201ccomitatus\u201d- bashkim\/komunitet. Posse Comitatus ose forca e bashkimit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb institut ligjor n\u00eb vendet e ligjit zakonor anglosakson.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ky institut i rendit publik u zhvillua n\u00eb SHBA gjat\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19. Posse Comitatus i jepte t\u00eb drejt\u00eb sherifit t\u00eb mblidhte n\u00ebn arm\u00eb burra n\u00eb zon\u00ebn ku ky p\u00ebrgjigjej p\u00ebr rend e siguri. Kjo b\u00ebhej p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrforcuar forcat e rendit, n\u00eb funksion t\u00eb kapjes s\u00eb t\u00eb arratisurve, bandit\u00ebve dhe krimineleve t\u00eb rrezikshem. Posse comitatus justifikohej nga mungesa e personelit ligjzbatues n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e konteve (komunave) amerikane t\u00eb pas revolucionit.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb 1878 Posse Comitatus u rregullua me ligj federal n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet atij q\u00eb sot n\u00eb SHBA njihet si Posse Comitatus Act. Ligji ndaloi kategorikisht p\u00ebrdorimin e Forcave t\u00eb Armatosura amerikane (k\u00ebmb\u00ebsori, marin\u00eb dhe me amendimet e 1956-\u00ebs dhe forcat ajrore) n\u00eb detyra civile ligjzbatimi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ushtarak\u00ebt n\u00eb detyr\u00eb apo rezervist\u00ebt nuk mund te angazhohen nga autoritetet lokale n\u00eb detyra policore brenda territorit t\u00eb shtetit. Forcat e Armatosura amerikane mund t\u00eb urdh\u00ebrohen t\u00eb dalin nga kazermat ushtarake p\u00ebr rivendosje t\u00eb rendit kushtetues, siguris\u00eb publike dhe mb\u00ebshtetje me armatim e teknologji te forcave t\u00eb siguris\u00eb vet\u00ebm me autorizim t\u00eb Kongresit amerikan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ndalimi me ligj i p\u00ebrdorimit, pa miratim t\u00eb Kongresit, t\u00eb Forcave t\u00eb Armatosura n\u00eb mbrojtjen e rendit publik, erdhi si domosdoshm\u00ebri p\u00ebr ruajtjen e autoritetit politik civil n\u00eb SHBA, pasi gjat\u00eb viteve t\u00eb para pas Luft\u00ebs Civile Amerikane, disa governatore republikan\u00eb n\u00eb shtetet e jugut, e ushtronin autoritetin politik n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb shumic\u00ebs elektorale. <\/span><\/p>\n

Prania e ushtris\u00eb s\u00eb Veriut n\u00eb shtetet e Jugut, e ngarkuar me detyra \u201dPosse Comitatus\u201d p\u00ebr rivendosjen e rendit kushtetues pamund\u00ebsonte zhvillimin e pro\u00e7eseve normale demokratike. Kjo vinte si pasoj\u00eb e p\u00ebrplasjes s\u00eb dy autoriteteve, atij civil politik dhe atij ushtarak. Guvernator\u00ebt republikan\u00eb menaxhonin pushtetin me forc\u00ebn e armeve, nd\u00ebrsa shumica e pupullsis\u00eb, civile n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb ushtris\u00eb, do t\u00eb votonte p\u00ebr kandidat\u00ebt kund\u00ebrshtar\u00eb. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kontrolli demokratik mbi forcat e armatosura dhe angazhimi i tyre vet\u00ebm me miratim t\u00eb organit ligjv\u00ebn\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb padiskutim p\u00ebrforcim i tradit\u00ebs dhe kultur\u00ebs anti-militariste amerikane.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrplasja e pushtetit politik me at\u00eb ushtarak dhe shpeshher\u00eb p\u00ebrmbysja e pushtetit politik n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet forc\u00ebs s\u00eb arm\u00ebve (mjaft t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim pu\u00e7et ushtarake klasike, si ai vitit 49 p.e.r- kalimi i Rubikonit nga Legjioni i 17-t\u00eb i Jul \u00c7esarit, ai i vitit 1802- i kryer nga Bonaparti, ai i vitit 1922- i kryer nga Musolini etj,) si dhe p\u00ebrdorimi i forc\u00ebs ushtarake nga pushteti politik p\u00ebr shtypjen e opozitave dhe vendosjen e diktaturave, ka detyruar shum\u00eb vende per\u00ebndimore t\u00eb ngren\u00eb mekanizma kushtetues p\u00ebr kontrollin demokratik t\u00eb forc\u00ebs ushtarake.<\/span><\/p>\n

Themelet e mekanizmave kushtetues p\u00ebr kontrollin e FA i gjejm\u00eb dhe tek Raporti nr. 386\/ 2008 i Komisionit t\u00eb Venecias.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb kapitullin mbi rolin e ushtris\u00eb brenda territorit t\u00eb shtetit, komisioni shprehet qart\u00eb se kriteret kryesore mbi bazen e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve mund t\u00eb angazhohen forcat e armatosura n\u00eb detyra t\u00eb brendshme civile jan\u00eb, <\/span><\/p>\n

a) proporcionaliteti i angazhimit me rrezikun e hasur dhe <\/span><\/p>\n

b) sekondariteti n\u00eb marr\u00ebdhenie me forc\u00ebn civile ligjzbatuese. <\/span><\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb komisioni shton se angazhimi i FA n\u00eb detyra civile duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet detyrimisht n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet shpalljes paraprake t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vet\u00ebm k\u00ebshtu, vazhdon opinioni i komisionit, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb territorin dhe koh\u00ebn, ku dhe kur forcat e armatosura mund t\u00eb dislokohen n\u00eb hapsir\u00ebn komb\u00ebtare.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fund t\u00eb kapitullit komisioni shpreh q\u00ebndrimin se, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb kontrolli demokratik mbi FA t\u00eb jet\u00eb efektiv dhe rezultativ, n\u00eb krye t\u00eb k\u00ebtij procesi duhet t\u00eb vendoset Parlamenti, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb pushteti n\u00eb themel t\u00eb \u00e7do demokracie dhe parandaluesin e rendeve autokratike.<\/span><\/p>\n

Esht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se vende me t\u00eb shkuar autoritariste si Franca, Spanja, Gjermania, Italia, Greqia dhe Shqip\u00ebria mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb tendenca kontrolli kushtetues m\u00eb t\u00eb rrept\u00eb ndaj Forcave t\u00eb Armatosura.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rasti i Gjermanis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i ve\u00e7anti nd\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha vendet an\u00ebtare t\u00eb K\u00ebshillit t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs. Forcat e armatosura gjermane e kan\u00eb t\u00eb ndaluar n\u00eb \u00e7do rast, p\u00ebrvec gjendjes s\u00eb luft\u00ebs, t\u00eb dalin nga kazermat. Madje as gjat\u00eb sulmeve terroriste ushtria gjermane nuk mund t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb ndihm\u00eb t\u00eb forcave policore.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ky ndalim i rrept\u00eb i p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb forc\u00ebs ushtarake n\u00eb detyra ligjzbatuese jo pak her\u00eb i ka sjell\u00eb kosto shtetit gjerman (kujtojme sulmet terroriste gjat\u00eb olimpiad\u00ebs s\u00eb Mynihut n\u00eb vitin 1972 ku forcat speciale policore nuk qen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ndalojn\u00eb sulmin q\u00eb la t\u00eb vdekur nj\u00eb dyzin\u00eb sportist\u00ebsh izraelit\u00eb).<\/span><\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, e shkuara totalitare gjermane, e ndrydhur brenda suazave t\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00eb shteti plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb militarizuar, ka detyruar baballar\u00ebt e kushtetut\u00ebs gjermane t\u00eb pas luft\u00ebs t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb t\u00eb mbylluar ushtrin\u00eb me cdo kusht.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kushtetuta dhe kuadri ligjor i Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq i ngurt\u00eb sa ai gjerman p\u00ebrsa i p\u00ebrket angazhimit t\u00eb FA n\u00eb detyra civile brenda territorit t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se nuk ekziston nj\u00eb ndalim absolut p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e tyre, por megjithat\u00eb formalisht Shqip\u00ebria respekton parimet e kontrollit demokratik mbi forcat e armatosura, me n\u00eb krye t\u00eb piramid\u00ebs institucionin e Parlamentin, ashtu si\u00e7 rekomandon Komisioni i Venacias. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kushtetuta detyron K\u00ebshillin e Ministrave t\u2019i drejtohet Parlamentit me k\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebr shpallje t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme t\u00eb plot\u00eb ose t\u00eb pjesshme, nj\u00eblloj si Posse Comitatus n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs, duke p\u00ebrcaktuar sakt\u00ebsisht dhe koh\u00ebzgjatjen e q\u00ebndrimit t\u00eb forc\u00ebs ushtarake n\u00eb k\u00ebto detyra civile.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dislokimi i trupave ushtarake n\u00eb territor n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me k\u00ebto parime \u00ebsht\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7se qartazi antikushtetues, kund\u00ebr cdo parimi nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, larg frym\u00ebs demokratike per\u00ebndimore, por dhe nj\u00eb shenj\u00eb e qart\u00eb e nevoj\u00ebs s\u00eb pushtetit politik civil p\u00ebr tu militarizuar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Militarizimi i pushteteve politike \u00ebsht\u00eb faza finale e instalimit te diktaturave dhe ndodh at\u00ebher\u00eb kur pushteti humbet mbeshtetjen civile, pra vot\u00ebn popullore, dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur pushtetin, konsensusin popullor e z\u00ebvend\u00ebson me forc\u00ebn e \u00e7izmes.<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] James Kurth, The Tragic Death of the Habsburg Empire (2007)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nga Gjorg Kodra Nj\u00ebra nd\u00ebr shakat\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura gjat\u00eb r\u00ebnies s\u00eb perandoris\u00eb habsburge ishte se \u201cn\u00eb Gjermani situata \u00ebsht\u00eb serioze, por jo e d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar; n\u00eb Austri, situata \u00ebsht\u00eb e d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar, por jo serioze\u201d \u2013 por shpejt historia e shnd\u00ebrroi situat\u00ebn n\u00eb tejet serioze edhe aty ku fillimisht, p\u00ebrtej \u00e7do ndjenje d\u00ebshp\u00ebrimi, ajo nuk njihej […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":51,"featured_media":289957,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,65,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-289956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-lajme","category-te-fundit"],"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/289956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/51"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=289956"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/289956\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/289957"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=289956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=289956"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=289956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}