![\"\"](\"https:\/\/hashtag.al\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/the-economist.jpg\")
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Kapitalizmi ka p\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb seri goditjesh t\u00eb fuqishme ndaj reputacionit t\u00eb tij gjat\u00eb dekad\u00ebs s\u00eb kaluar. Ndjesia e nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb manipuluar, ku p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb pronar\u00ebt e kapitalit n\u00eb kurriz t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve, \u00ebsht\u00eb e thell\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 2016, nj\u00eb studim zbuloi se m\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjysma e t\u00eb rinjve amerikan\u00eb nuk e mb\u00ebshtesin m\u00eb kapitalizmin. Kjo humbje e besimit \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrezikshme, por gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb e garantuar. Kapitalizmi i sot\u00ebm ka nj\u00eb problem real, jo vet\u00ebm at\u00eb q\u00eb proteksionist\u00ebt dhe populist\u00ebt duan t\u00eb nxjerrin n\u00eb pah. Jeta \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb e rehatshme p\u00ebr disa firma n\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb e re, firmat e teknologjis\u00eb kan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar me shpejt\u00ebsi fuqin\u00eb e tregut. Nevojitet nj\u00eb revolucion \u2013 i till\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilloj\u00eb konkurrenc\u00ebn, duke marr\u00eb fitimet anormale t\u00eb larta sot dhe duke siguruar q\u00eb risia t\u00eb mund t\u00eb lul\u00ebzoj\u00eb nes\u00ebr.<\/p>\n
Vendet kan\u00eb vepruar p\u00ebr t\u00eb ushqyer konkurrenc\u00ebn m\u00eb par\u00eb. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 20-t\u00eb, Amerika shkat\u00ebrroi monopole n\u00eb hekurudhat dhe energjin\u00eb. Pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Gjermania Per\u00ebndimore vendosi krijimin e tregjeve konkurruese n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb projektit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb kombit. Themelimi i tregut t\u00eb vet\u00ebm europian, nj\u00eb projekt i mbrojtur nga Margaret Thatcher, vler\u00ebsoi tregjet e hapura t\u00eb brendshme n\u00eb firmat dinamike t\u00eb huaja. Ronald Reagan nxiti konkurrenc\u00ebn n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb amerikane.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb transformim i ngjash\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm sot. Q\u00eb nga viti 1997, p\u00ebrqendrimi i tregut \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur n\u00eb dy t\u00eb tretat e industrive amerikane. Nj\u00eb e dhjeta e ekonomis\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga industri, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat kat\u00ebr firma kontrollojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dy t\u00eb tretat e tregut. N\u00eb nj\u00eb ekonomi t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetshme ju do t\u00eb prisni fitime nga konkurrenca, por fluksi i lir\u00eb i kompanive \u00ebsht\u00eb 76% mbi mesataren e tij 50-vje\u00e7are, n\u00eb krahasim me GDP-n\u00eb. N\u00eb Europ\u00eb tendenca \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme, n\u00eb mos qoft\u00eb m\u00eb ekstreme. Pjesa mesatare e tregut prej kat\u00ebr firmave m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb secil\u00ebn industri \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur me tre pik\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje q\u00eb nga viti 2000. N\u00eb t\u00eb dyja kontinentet, firmat dominante jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t\u2019u luftuar.<\/p>\n
Agjent\u00ebt e hedhin posht\u00eb iden\u00eb se ata e kan\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, tregjet e konsoliduara b\u00ebhen dominues, argumentojn\u00eb ata, globalizimi vazhdon t\u00eb ngroh\u00eb furr\u00ebn e konkurrenc\u00ebs. Por n\u00eb industrit\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb pak t\u00eb ekspozuara ndaj tregtis\u00eb, firmat po b\u00ebjn\u00eb kthesa t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Ne llogarisim pakon globale t\u00eb fitimeve mbinormale n\u00eb 660 miliard\u00eb dollar\u00eb, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dy t\u00eb tretat e t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb, nj\u00eb e treta e asaj n\u00eb firmat e teknologjis\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Jo t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebto p\u00ebrfitime jan\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme. Google dhe Facebook ofrojn\u00eb sh\u00ebrbime popullore pa kosto p\u00ebr konsumator\u00ebt. Por, p\u00ebrmes kontrollit t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb reklamim, ata rritin shpenzimet e firmave t\u00eb tjera. Disa industri t\u00eb vjetra t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb me \u00e7mime t\u00eb larta dhe p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha rrin\u00eb n\u00ebn sip\u00ebrfaqen e komercialitetit: kartat e kreditit, shp\u00ebrndarja farmaceutike dhe kontrolli i kredive. Kur publiku merret me oligopolist\u00ebt m\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt, problemi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i qart\u00eb. Linjat ajrore t\u00eb strehuara n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb kan\u00eb tarifa m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se simotrat evropiane dhe ofrojn\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim m\u00eb t\u00eb keq. Nd\u00ebrmarrjet kabllore televizive jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr \u00e7mime t\u00eb larta: konsumatori mesatar i\u00a0pay-tv\u00a0n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet t\u00eb shpenzoj\u00eb 44% m\u00eb shum\u00eb se n\u00eb vitin 2011. N\u00eb disa raste, hidh\u00ebrimi publik hap der\u00ebn p\u00ebr kompani t\u00eb reja, si Netflix. Megjithat\u00eb, shum\u00eb shpesh nuk ndodh k\u00ebshtu. Tregjet e aksioneve vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb edhe fitues t\u00eb favorsh\u00ebm konsumator\u00ebsh, si Netflix dhe Amazon, sikur edhe ata do t\u00eb b\u00ebhen monopole.<\/p>\n
Rritja e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb tregut ndihmon n\u00eb zgjidhjen e disa enigmave ekonomike. Pavar\u00ebsisht nga normat e ul\u00ebta t\u00eb interesit, firmat kan\u00eb riinvestuar nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb fitimeve t\u00eb tyre. Kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak se barrierat ndaj konkurrenc\u00ebs i mbajn\u00eb jasht\u00eb tregut edhe kompanit\u00eb e reja t\u00eb mir\u00eb-financuara. Arsyeja tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb se q\u00eb nga fillimi i mij\u00ebvje\u00e7arit, dhe ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb, pjesa e fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb GDP-s\u00eb ka r\u00ebn\u00eb. \u00c7mimet monopoliste mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb lejuar firmat e fuqishme t\u00eb ulin fuqin\u00eb bler\u00ebse t\u00eb pagave. Vlera e pun\u00ebs ka r\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shpejti n\u00eb industrit\u00eb me p\u00ebrqendrim n\u00eb rritje. Nj\u00eb mister i tret\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb se numri i an\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb rinj ka r\u00ebn\u00eb dhe rritja e produktivitetit ka qen\u00eb e dob\u00ebt. Kjo mund t\u00eb shpjegohet edhe nga mungesa e presionit konkurrues p\u00ebr inovacion.<\/p>\n
Disa argumentojn\u00eb se zgjidhja ndaj tepricave t\u00eb kapitalit \u00ebsht\u00eb stimulimi i pun\u00ebs. Elizabeth \u00cbarren, nj\u00eb kandidate e mundshme presidenciale amerikane, d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb vendos\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00eb n\u00eb borde. Partia Laburiste e Britanis\u00eb premton pjes\u00ebn e detyrueshme t\u00eb pron\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb punonj\u00ebsve. Dhe pothuajse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00ebt d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb ringjallin fuqin\u00eb n\u00eb r\u00ebnie t\u00eb sindikatave. Ekziston nj\u00eb rol p\u00ebr sindikatat n\u00eb nj\u00eb ekonomi moderne. Por nj\u00eb kthim n\u00eb kapitalizmin e stilit t\u00eb 1960-\u00ebs, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin oligopolet e fryra fitonin marxhinalitete t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe u p\u00ebrball\u00ebn me pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt q\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuan me greva, \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka q\u00eb duhet shmangur. Tolerimi i fitimeve jonormale p\u00ebr aq koh\u00eb sa ato shp\u00ebrndahen n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebnaq ata me fuqi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb recet\u00eb p\u00ebr nepotiz\u00ebm. T\u00eb brendshmit e favorizuar do t\u00eb b\u00ebnin mir\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebshmonin hendekun midis punonj\u00ebsve t\u00eb \u00e7oroditur dhe t\u00eb jashtm\u00ebve t\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb pas dore n\u00eb Itali. Por nj\u00eb ekonomi e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb prej an\u00ebtar\u00ebve komod\u00eb do t\u00eb shoh\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimisht nj\u00eb kolaps n\u00eb inovacion dhe k\u00ebshtu nj\u00eb amulli n\u00eb standardet e jetes\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Fuqia e tregut duhet t\u00eb sulmohet n\u00eb tri m\u00ebnyra. S\u00eb pari, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat dhe regjimet e pron\u00ebsis\u00eb intelektuale duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb ushqyer inovacionin, dhe jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur pronar\u00ebt. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u00e7lirimin e p\u00ebrdoruesve individual\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb informacionet e tyre dhe p\u00ebr t\u2019i d\u00ebrguar diku gjetk\u00eb. Gjithashtu duhet q\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb platforma t\u00eb m\u00ebdha p\u00ebr t\u00eb licencuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebna anonime ndaj rival\u00ebve. Patentat duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb rralla, m\u00eb t\u00eb shkurtra dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr t\u2019u sfiduar n\u00eb gjykat\u00eb.<\/p>\n
S\u00eb dyti, qeverit\u00eb duhet t\u00eb heqin pengesat p\u00ebr hyrjen, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb klauzolat jo konkurruese, k\u00ebrkesat e licencimit n\u00eb profesion dhe rregulloret komplekse t\u00eb shkruara nga lobist\u00ebt e industris\u00eb. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 20% e pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve amerikan\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb licenca p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer pun\u00ebn e tyre, duke u rritur nga vet\u00ebm 5% q\u00eb ishte n\u00eb vitin 1950.<\/p>\n
S\u00eb treti, ligjet antitrust duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr shekullin 21. Nuk ka asgj\u00eb t\u00eb keqe me p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb promovuar mir\u00ebqenien e konsumatorit. Por rregullator\u00ebt duhet t\u2019i kushtojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb v\u00ebmendje sh\u00ebndetit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm konkurrues t\u00eb tregjeve dhe kthimit t\u00eb kapitalit. Rregullator\u00ebt e Amerik\u00ebs duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb kompetenca, si\u00e7 b\u00ebn Britania, p\u00ebr t\u00eb hetuar tregjet q\u00eb po b\u00ebhen jofunksionale. Firmat e teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb madhe do ta ken\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb neutralizuar rival\u00ebt e mundsh\u00ebm afatgjat\u00eb, si\u00e7 b\u00ebri Facebook kur mori Instagram n\u00eb 2012 dhe \u00cbhatsApp n\u00eb 2014.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebto ndryshime nuk do t\u00eb zgjidhin \u00e7do s\u00ebmundje. Por n\u00ebse ata \u00e7uan fitimet n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb n\u00eb nivele historikisht normale, dhe pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e sektorit privat mor\u00ebn p\u00ebrfitimet, pagat reale do t\u00eb rriteshin p\u00ebr 6%. Konsumator\u00ebt do t\u00eb kishin zgjedhje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Produktiviteti do t\u00eb rritet. Kjo nuk mund ta ndal\u00eb rritjen e populizmit. Por nj\u00eb revolucion i konkurrenc\u00ebs do t\u00eb b\u00ebnte shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rivendosur besimin e publikut n\u00eb kapitaliz\u00ebm.<\/p>\n
Burimi: The Economist<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kapitalizmi ka p\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb seri goditjesh t\u00eb fuqishme ndaj reputacionit t\u00eb tij gjat\u00eb dekad\u00ebs s\u00eb kaluar. Ndjesia e nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb manipuluar, ku p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb pronar\u00ebt e kapitalit n\u00eb kurriz t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve, \u00ebsht\u00eb e thell\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 2016, nj\u00eb studim zbuloi se m\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjysma e t\u00eb rinjve amerikan\u00eb nuk e mb\u00ebshtesin m\u00eb kapitalizmin. Kjo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":32,"featured_media":251234,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-251233","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nderkombetare"],"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/251233","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=251233"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/251233\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/251234"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=251233"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=251233"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashtag.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=251233"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}